![]() Sidetone is an attenuated version of the microphone signal fed back to the speaker. Lower delay helps to tolerate echo as a sidetone. The delays in PSTN voice calls are low even for local long-distance calls. End-to-end delays also increase with higher packetization intervals and IP impediments to voice packets. In VoIP, end-to-end delay is caused by packet-based transmission. ![]() The increase in end-to-end delay makes echo perceivable and more annoying. Echo in isolation is not a troubling signal in PSTN or VoIP. In public switched telephone network (PSTN) local service, analog private branch exchange (PBX) systems, and VoIP, echoes are created inside the telephone and at two-to-four-wire telephone interface circuits. Electrical echo is also called line echo. Electrical echoes are created in the two-to-four-wire telephone conversion hardware hybrids. Acoustic echo is generated through an acoustic medium of a speakerphone or hands-free phone functionality. In voice communication, echoes are created as acoustic and electrical. In telephonic voice conversation, echo is the return of a person's speech with delay, with reduced or modified sound level, and with a certain amount of distortions.
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